The National Bahá’í Archives, United States provided the most high-resolution color photograph of the last photograph ever taken of the Greatest Holy Leaf by Effie Baker in 1931. You can see the photograph here. The Archives also gave me permission to use 60 rarely-seen high-resolution photographs of the Greatest Holy Leaf.
Kamal and Suzie Zein, my beloved parents. Without their constant support and encouragement, this chronology would not have seen the light of day.
Jonah Winters, the brain behind the extraordinary treasure trove Bahá’í Library Online, helped me find sources that contributed the most unique stories to this chronology.
Leaf.
Adib Masumian–provisional translator of the Bahá’í Holy Writings which you can find at his personal website and translator of the newly published ‘Abdu’l-Baha in Europe 1912–1913: The Talks and Travels of the Master as Recorded by Mírzá Ma.hmúd Zarqání–was an immense help with all things Persian, Persian sentences, Persian transliteration, and without him, I would have been lost in trying to understand a culture I am not familiar with. Adib also provided context for the letter written by the Greatest Holy Leaf used in the second story of Part VIII: Section3: The Greatest Holy Leaf in the House of ‘Abdu’lláh Pashá.
Dr. Robert Stockman provided precious help with 20th century American Bahá’í history.
Farzam Sabetian, a highly-talented professional photographer contributed many of the photographs of the Holy Places in this chronology by making his content on Luminous Spot freely available as a resource or assistance, to be used for presentations on the Bahá’í Faith, for decoration, to be shared with loved ones, or for any other befitting purpose. I owe him a great debt of gratitude for helping me illustrate the momentous life of the Greatest Holy Leaf.
Gamal Hassan translated the Article in Arabic on the Greatest Holy Leaf’s passing dated 20 July 1932 from the Jerusalem newspaper Mir’át ash-Sharq (“The Mirror of the East”), which can be found on the third story in Part XVI: Section 6: The funeral of the Greatest Holy Leaf.
Dr. Necati Alkan is the foremost specialist on all things related to the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths during the time of the Ottoman Empire, is the author of Dissent and Heterodoxy in the Late Ottoman Empire: Reformers, Babis and Baha’is. Necati kindly provided the 20 July 1932 article from the Jerusalem newspaper Mir’át ash-Sharq (“The Mirror of the East”), for use in this chronology.
Dr. Bijan Masumian, a Bahá’í author and historian in English and Persian, provided historical financial help! Dr. Masumian calculated the current value with inflation of 400 Tumans in 1852. 400 Tumans was the amount which Ásíyih Khánum was able to obtain by selling her marriage treasures in preparation for the January 1852 – April 1853 journey to Baghdad, the first exile of Bahá’u’lláh. You can find the story in Part II: Section 2: Preparations for the journey to Iraq.
Larry Roefner provided the source which allowed me to precisely date the first part of the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to 1906, rather than 1901 as is so commonly thought. The source in question is Child of the Covenant: A Study Guide to the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald, 2000, page 7. You can find the third story of Part IX: Section 1: The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Fuad and Faruq Izadinia, two extraordinary brothers, were my guides through the geography of Ṭihrán in 1852when Ásiyih Khánum and the children were fleeing for their lives, and I owe them a great debt of gratitude.
Ramin Hosseini, also a brilliant professional photographer, gave permission for his exquisite photograph of the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh to be used in Part I: Section 3: The station of the Greatest Holy Leaf. You can see the photograph here on his Flickr account.
Dr. Azar Majidi and Soheila Mahboubi were of great assistance with my many questions about Persian culture and language.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá in America website: 1912-2021: Corinne True with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá at Temple Site Dedication.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, A Travelers’ Narrative.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Memorials of the Faithful.
‘Abdu’l-Baha, The Promulgation of the Universal Peace.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá, The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Afnan, Abul-Qasím, Black Pearls: Servants in the Household of the Bab and Baha’u’llah, Kalimat Press, 1999.
Afnán, Ḥájí Mírzá Ḥabíbu’lláh, Memories of the Báb, Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, translated and annotated by Ahang Rabbani, an electronic publication of Kalimat Press, January 2005.
Afnán, Mírzá Habíbu’lláh, Memories of My Life: Translation of Mírzá Habíbu’lláh Afnán’s Khátirát-i-Hayát, Ahang Rabbani (translator).
Afroukhteh, Youness Khan, Memories of Nine Years in ‘Akká, Dr Riaz Masrour (trans), George Ronald, Oxford, 1952/2003.
Alkan, Necati̇, Dissent and Heterodoxy in the Late Ottoman Empire: Reformers, Bábís, and Bahá’ís, Isis Press, 2008
Archeologists & Travelers in Ottoman Lands: Travel in the Ottoman Empire.
Asdaq, Rúhá, One Life, One Memory, with the assistance of Lameah Khodadoost, Shahbaz Fatheazam (trans.) George Ronald, 1999.
Azízí, Jináb-i-Azíz’u’lláh, A Crown of Glory: Memoirs of Jináb-i-Azíz’u’lláh Azízí.
Bahá’í chronicles: Richard Edward St. Barbe Baker.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Bahjí.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: The life of Shoghi Effendi.
Bahá’í News, Issue 24 (June 1928).
Bahá’í News, Issue 42 (July 1930).
Bahá’í News, Issue 53 (July 1931).
Bahá’í News, Issue 74 (May1933).
Bahá’í News, Issue 76 (August 1933).
Bahá’í Teachings: Abraham: Banished for Believing in God.
Bahá’u’lláh, Epistle to the Son of the Wolf.
Bahá’u’lláh, Epistle to the son of the Wolf.
Bahá’u’lláh, Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh.
Bahá’u’lláh, Introduction to Summons of the Lord of Hosts.
Bahá’u’lláh, Kitáb-i-Mubín.
Bahá’u’lláh, Lawḥ-i-Ra’ís.
Bahá’u’lláh, Lawḥ-i-Sulṭán (Tablet to Naṣiri’d-Dín Sháh).
Bahá’u’lláh, Second Tablet to Napoleon III.
Bahá’u’lláh, Súriy-i-Haykal (Surah of the Temple).
Bahá’u’lláh, Súriy-i-Haykal.
Bahá’u’lláh, Súriy-i-Ra’ís (Surah to the Chief).
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet of the Holy Mariner.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet of the Howdah, a provisional translation by Stephen N. Lambden.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet of Visitation for His Brother, Mírzá Músá (Áqáy-i-Kalím), a provisional translation by Adib Masumian.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet to Czar Alexander II.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet to Pope Pius IX.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet to Queen Victoria.
Bahá’u’lláh, Tablets revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas.
Bahá’u’lláh, Ṭarázát (Ornaments).
Bahá’u’lláh, The Kitáb-i-Aqdas (The Most Holy Book).
Bahá’u’lláh, The Long Healing Prayer.
Bahá’u’lláh, The Tablet of Aḥmad.
Bahaipedia: ‘Údí Khammár.
Bahaipedia: Ali-Kuli Khan.
Bahaipedia: Corinne True.
Bahaipedia: Photograph of Bahá’u’lláh.
Bahaipedia: Shoghi Effendi.
Balyuzi, H. M. Edward Granville Browne and the Bahá’í Faith, George Ronald, London, 1970.
Balyuzi, H.M. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: The Centre of the Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh. George Ronald; First Published edition, January 1, 1971.
Balyuzi, H.M., Bahá’u’lláh, The King of Glory, George Ronald, Oxford, 1980.
Bloomsbury Collections: Handan Nezir Akmeṣe, Editor, The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I: An introduction.
Chapman, Anita Ioas, Leroy Ioas: Hand of the Cause of God, George Ronald, 1998.
Cole, Juan, The Azálí-Bahá’í Crisis of September 1867.
Coy, Genevieve, A Week in Abdul-Baha’s Home, September 1 to 8, 1920, published in Star of the West Volume 12 Number 11, 27 September 1921.
Danesh, Helen, John and Amelia, The Life of Shoghi Effendi, published in Studying the Writings of Shoghi Effendi, ed. M. Bergsmo, Oxford: George Ronald, 1991.
David Merrick’s Passing of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Day, Michael V., Coronation on Carmel: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb Volume II: 1922-1963, George Ronald, 2018.
Day, Michael V., Journey to a Mountain: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb, Vol 1 1850-1921, George Ronald, 2017.
Email communication from Adib Masumian dated 4 February 2024 regarding the correct transliteration of “Qulí, sá‘at chandih?” and “bíyá bishíníd.”
Email communication from Adib Masumian providing the information about the publication of the Kitáb-i-Mubín, the result of his personal research.
Email communication from Bijan Masumian dated 21 April 2024 regarding the current value with inflation of 400 Tumans in 1852.
Email communication from Larry Roefner for his email communication dated 11 February 2024, providing this source which allows us to precisely date the first part of the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to 1906, rather than 1901 as is so commonly thought.
Encyclopaedia Britannica: The Tanzimat reforms (1839–76) – The 1875-78 crisis.
Esslemont, John E., Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, 2006 (originally published in 1937).
Ethnic Musical: Tar, a mysterious instrument.
Facebook: Tokatadair: Underground houses in Boyunpınar.
Faizi, Abu’l-Qásim, A Gift of Love: Offered to the Greatest Holy Leaf, compiled and edited by Gloria A. Faizi, 1982.
Faizi, Abu’l-Qasim, From Adrianople to ‘Akká, published in Conqueror of Hearts 1968-08 London: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1969.
Fikri, ‘Abdu’l-Hussayn, Ḥawáríyyú Ḥaḍrat-i-Bahá’u’lláh.
Furútan, ‘Alí-Akbar, Memories of Bahá’u’lláh.
Gail, Marzieh, Dawn Over Mount Hira, George Ronald, 1976.
Gail, Marzieh, Summon Up Remembrance, George Ronald, Oxford, 1987.
Garis, M.R., Martha Root: Lioness at the Threshold, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1983.
Giachery, Ugo, Shoghi Effendi: Recollections, George Ronald, 1973.
Habibur: Islamic Hijri Calendar For Dhu al-Hijjah – 1279 Hijri
Hassall, Graham, Ambassador at the Court: The Life and Photography of Effie Baker (1999).
History: Muhammad completes Hegira.
Hoagg, Emogene, Letter to Nelly French dated 2 January 1922, published in World Order Volume 6 Issue 2.
Hogenson, Kathryn Jewett, Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage and the Establishment of the Bahá’í Faith in the West, George Ronald, 2012.
Honnold, Annamarie, Vignettes from the Life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, page 42.
Ioas, Leroy, In the Days of the Guardian: Transcript of a talk by Hand of the Cause of God Leroy Ioas, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1958.
Izadinia, Fuad, The Major Opus: A study of the German Templer movement and its relationship with the Bahá’í Faith.
Keşan’s Digital Photography Museum Facebook Page, KEŞAN (ZERLANİS): Keşan’in tarihi fabrikalari : yel değirmenleri (Historical factories of Keşan : Wind mills) (in Turkish).
Khádem, Dhikru’lláh, Carmel – The Mountain of God,
Khadem, Javidukht, Zikrullah Khadem, The Itinerant Hand of the Cause of God, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1990.
Khadem, Riaz Prelude to the Guardianship, George Ronald, Oxford, 2014
Khan, Janet A., Prophet’s Daughter: The Life and Legacy of Bahíyyih Khánum, Outstanding Heroine of the Bahá’í Faith, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, 2005.
Lady Blomfield, The Chosen Highway, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1975.
Leiden List.
Ma’ani, Baharieh Rouhani The Greatest Holy Leaf’s Unparalleled Role in Religious History and the Significance of the Arc, the Site of Her Resting Place, published in Lights of Irfan, 15, Wilmette: Haj Mehdi Armand Colloquium, 2014.
Maani, Baharieh Rouhani. Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees: An in-depth study of the lives of women closely related to the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh.
Marcus, Della L., Her Eternal Crown: Queen Marie of Romania and the Bahá’í Faith, George Ronald, Oxford, 2000.
Marks, Geoffrey, Call to Remembrance.
Masumian Bijan and Adib, The Bab in the World of Images, Bahá’í Studies Review, vol. 19, June 2013.
Metelmann, Velda, Lua Getsinger: Herald of the Covenant, George Ronald, 1977.
Michael Day, Journey to a Mountain: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb, Kindle Edition, locations 508-544.
Momen, Moojan, Bahá’u’lláh, A Short Biography.
Momen, Moojan, The Bábí and the Bahá’í Religions, 1844–1944: Some Contemporary western Accounts. George Ronald, Oxford, 1981.
Momen, Moojan, Two Episodes from the Life of Bahá’u’lláh in Iran, published in Lights of Irfan, 20, page 150.
Momen, Moojan. Gulpáygání, Mirza Abu’l-Fadl
Morten, Marjorie, The Passing of Bahíyyih Khánum, Bahá’í News Issue 497 pages 5-7 (August 1972).
Munírih Khánum, Episodes in the Life of Munírih Khánum, Ahmad Sohrab, translator Los Angeles: Persian American Publishing Company, 1924.
Munírih Khanum: Memoirs and Letters, translated by Sammireh Anwar Smith, Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1986.
Nabíl-i-A‘zam, The Dawn-Breakers, Shoghi Effendi (trans.) Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1970.
Nakhjávání, ‘Alí, Shoghi Effendi: The Range and Power of His Pen, Acuto, Italy 2006.
Nakhjávání, ‘Alí, The Greatest Holy Leaf: A reminiscence.. Published in The Bahá’í World Volume 18 (1979 – 1983): Part Two: The Commemoration Of Historic Anniversaries: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Passing of Bahíyyih Khánum, the Greatest Holy Leaf.
Nakhjávání, Bahíyyih, The Greatest Holy Leaf: A reminiscence, Published in The Bahá’í World Volume 18 (1979 – 1983): Part Two: The Commemoration Of Historic Anniversaries: The Life and Service of the Greatest Holy Leaf.
Nakhjávání, Bahíyyih,Transcript of The Greatest Holy Leaf talk. Link to the audio.
Nakhjavani, Violette, A Tribute to Amatul’Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum.
Nakhjavani, Violette, Maxwells of Montreal, The: Middle Years 1923-1937 Late Years 1937-1952, George Ronald, Oxford (2011).
Newspapers.com
Phelps, Myron H., The Life and Teachings of ‘Abbás Effendi, GP Putnams Sons, New York and London, 1904, PDF Edition from Bahá’í Library Online.
Phelps, Myron H., The Master in ‘Akká.
Phelps, Steven, “The Writings of Bahá’u’lláh” in Routledge World: The World of the Bahá’í Faith, First Edition, Edited By Robert H. Stockman.
Poostchi, Iraj. 2010, ‘Adasiyyah: A Study in Agriculture and Rural Development. Baha’i Studies Review 16.
Postlethwaite, Robert, Queen Marie and the Baha’i Faith,.
Rabbani, Ahang (Translated and annotated by), A Lifetime with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Reminiscences of Khalíl Shahídí, Witnesses to Bábí and Bahá’í History Volume 9.
Rabbani, Ahang (Translated and annotated by), Eight Years Near ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: The diary of Dr. Ḥabíb Mu’ayyad, Volume 3: Witnesses to Bábí and Bahá’í History.
Rabbání, Rúhíyyih, The Priceless Pearl, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, London, 1969.
Redman, Earl, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in Their Midst, George Ronald, 2011.
Redman, Earl, Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim’s Eye Volume 1 Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952, George Ronald, Oxford, 2015.
Redman, Earl, Visiting ‘Abdu’l-Baha Volume 2: The Final Years, 1913–1921, George Ronald Publishers, Oxford, 2020.
Redman, Earl, Visiting ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: Volume 1: The West Discovers the Master, 1897-1911, George Ronald Publishers, Oxford, 2019.
Reflections on the Bahai Writings: Bahá’u’lláh’s Visits to Haifa.
Reitmayer, Anthony A., Adrianople: Land of Mystery, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Turkey, 1992.
Rideout, Anise, The School of Adversity: A Brief Study of the Life of Bahíyyih Khánum, published in Baha’i Magazine Dedicated to the New World Order, Volume 25, Number 4 (July 1934).
Ruhe, David S., Door of Hope: The Bahá’í Faith in the Holy Land, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
Rutstein, Nathan, Corrine True: Faithful Handmaid of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, George Ronald, 1987.
Rutstein, Nathan, He Loved and Served: The Story of Curtis Kelsey, George Ronald, Oxford, 1982.
Sears, Bill, Pilgrimage to Haifa and ‘Akká: Parts 2 and 3, (Part 1 missing).
Shoghi Effendi and Lady Blomfield, The Passing of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1922).
Shoghi Effendi, 28 March 1924 letter to the Bahá’ís of the east can be found in : Excerpts from the letters of the Greatest Holy Leaf Selection Number 77, pages 200-208.
Shoghi Effendi, Bahá’í Administration, 25 October 1929.
Shoghi Effendi, Bahá’í Administration.
Shoghi Effendi, Directives from the Guardian: 160: PRAYERS (Daily Obligatory).
Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 1 September 1932, to the Bahá’ís of Washington, D.C.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 10 September 1932, to the Bahá’ís of Glendale, California.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 11 October 1932, to the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Teaneck, New Jersey
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 13 December 1932, to the Bahá’ís of Iran. (Translated from the Persian).
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 15 July 1932, to the Bahá’ís of the East. (Translated from the Persian).
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 21 March 1931 “The Golden Age of the Cause of Bahá’u’lláh,” to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada.
Shoghi Effendi, Letter dated 23 August 1932, to the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Yonkers, N.Y.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 23 February 1934.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 25 October 1929, addressed to the Bahá’ís of the United States and Canada.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 30 August 1932, to the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Racine, Wisconsin
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 5 December 1939 cablegram Blessed Remains Transferred to Mount Carmel published in This Decisive Hour.
Shoghi Effendi, letter dated 8 July 1934.
Shoghi Effendi, Letters and Extracts of Writings from the Guardian Published in the US Bahá’í News 1924 – 1934.
Shoghi Effendi, The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh, 21 March 1932: The Golden Age of the Cause of Bahá’u’lláh: Our Beloved Temple.
Shoghi Effendi, This Decisive Hour: 15 July 1932 cable from Shoghi Effendi titled “Immortal Spirit.”
Shoghi Effendi, Unfolding Destiny.
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Sohrab, Mirza Ahmad, Abdu’l-Bahá in Egypt
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Taherzadeh, Adib, The Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh, Volume 2, George Ronald, Oxford, 1977, page
Taherzadeh, Adib, The Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh, Volume 3, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983, page
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The Bahá’í World Volume 3, (1928-1930).
The Bahá’í World Volume 5 (1932-1934).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 16 (1973-1976).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 8 (1938-1940).
The Bible, King James version, Isaiah 54:2-5
The Blessed Beauty Chronology Part V: In Constantinople.
The Blessed Beauty Chronology Part VI: Adrianople.
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The Extraordinary Life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Part IV: Center of the Covenant.
The Extraordinary Life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Part IX: The Ascension of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
The Extraordinary Life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Part VIII: The Return to the Holy Land.
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The Universal House of Justice, letter dated 28 September 2008 addressed to Mr. Robert Yoder.
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Wikipedia: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Wikipedia: All-Asian Women’s Conference.
Wikipedia: Badí’.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í House of Worship.
Wikipedia: Bahá’u’lláh.
Wikipedia: Bahá’u’lláh’s family: Fáṭimih.
Wikipedia: Bahíyyih Khánum.
Wikipedia: British Empire Exhibition.
Wikipedia: Carrara marble.
Wikipedia: Constantinople.
Wikipedia: Crusades.
Wikipedia: Diyarbakir.
Wikipedia: Edward Granville Browne.
Wikipedia: Eid al-Adha.
Wikipedia: Event of Mubahala.
Wikipedia: Frostbite.
Wikipedia: Great Kanto Earthquake.
Wikipedia: Jaghjagh River.
Wikipedia: Keşan.
Wikipedia: Kuphar.
Wikipedia: Long Healing Prayer.
Wikipedia: Lua Getsinger.
Wikipedia: Maronites.
Wikipedia: Mírzá Ḍíyá’u’lláh.
Wikipedia: Mírzá Mihdí.
Wikipedia: Moses.
Wikipedia: Myron Henry Phelps.
Wikipedia: Persian famine of 1870-1872.
Wikipedia: Round City of Baghdad.
Wikipedia: Sasanian dynasty.
Wikipedia: Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh.
Wikipedia: Subh-i-Azal.
Wikipedia: Summons of the Lord of Hosts: Súriy-i Mulúk “Tablet of Kings”
Wikipedia: Tanzimat.
Wikipedia: Tar (string instrument).
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