Written and illustrated by Violetta Zein

The Guardian: The illustrated chronology of the life of Shoghi Effendi" is the fourth chronology written and illustrated by Violetta Zein on the history of the Faith. The first three chronologies are:

The Guardian follows the life of Shoghi Effendi in 21 chronological parts from his birth in 1897 to his passing in 1957, examining in great detail the events of his personal life, his writings, letters, and translations, his building up of the Administrative Order of the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh, the Bahá'í Institutions he inaugurated, his constant work of extending the properties at the Bahá'í World Centre and for national Bahá'í communities worldwide, his tireless defense of the Faith against Covenant-breakers and attacks, and his teaching plans, and his building of the Monument Gardens, the superstructure of the Shrine of the Báb, and the first edifice on the Arc, the International Bahá'í Archives.

Below are all the Parts of the chronology:

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the United States National Bahá'í Archives for providing 40 precious photographs for this chronology, 26 of which illustrate Part 16: The Queen of Carmel. Without their assistance, this part would not be a befitting tribute to the crowning achievement of the Guardian’s life.

All the photographs in The Guardian are either public domain photographs, or photographs for which I was given express permission to publish. My many thanks go to those individuals and institutions who have given me permission to publish their photographs:

Chad Mauger, who gave me permission to use his image of the Shrine of the Báb as the frontispiece of this chronology, and several images throughout of the Bahá'í Holy Shrines.

Farzam Sabetian, and his labor of love, Luminous Spot, who makes available his photographs of Bahá'í Holy Places for befitting usage.

Many thanks to Greg C. Dahl for opening up his priceless treasure trove of rare and high-quality photographs made by his father, Arthur L. Dahl, from his historical photographic archive Bahá’í World Community: Historical Photos and Recordings.

The very generous friends at George Ronald, the eminent Bahá'í publishing house gave me permission to publish several important photographs in this chronology.

I would like to thank Andrew Leverton from the Levertons Funeral Home, the funeral home which handled the Guardian’s funeral, for their precious photograph of Basil Leverton, who handled so kindly and sensitively all the complex and detailed arrangements relating Shoghi Effendi’s funeral.

I want to single out my favorite illustration of the chronology, one that I was lucky to be given permission to use, because it is of a precious antique item, and there are no public domain versions of this image. To Matthew De Boise at Kevin Page Oriental Art: my deepest thanks for giving me permission publish and attribute the stunning photograph of a masterful and life-size silvered bronze Okimono—a small decorative Japanese carving—eagle on a root wood base. This is the exact same type of sculpture that Shoghi Effendi bought in Edinburgh, and which Rúḥíyyih Khánum used as her inspiration for the monument above the resting-place of Shoghi Effendi, with an eagle poised in mid-flight above a globe. Kevin Page Oriental Art is one of the leading and most-respected dealers of Chinese and Japanese fine art and antiques in the United Kingdom. In an interesting coincidence, Kevin Page opened his very first gallery in the world-renowned Camden Passage in the Islington neighborhood of London in 1968. When Shoghi Effendi passed away in London in 1957, he was in London specifically to visit antique shops, including reputable deals selling Japanese and Chinese furnishing and decorative items.

Many thanks to David Haslip and the volunteers at Bahaimedia, for providing a free resource of thousands upon thousands of precious photographs from Bahá'í history without which this chronology would simply not have been possible.

My first acknowledgements have to go to my parents, Kamal and Suzie Zein. Thanks, dad, for pushing me to write this chronology. Without you, it would not have seen the light of day. Dad, thank you for your sharp editorial comments, and your perennially wise advice. Mom, thank you for your inspiration, for your input with stories, photographs and graphics, for kind wisdom and sage advice, for your love and encouragement and for keeping me alive. I would have forgotten about eating if it wasn’t for you.

The contributions of Adib Masumian, provisional translator of the Bahá'í Writings, were numerous and precious. One of the greatest services Adib rendered was a constant source of clarification on various Persian and Arabic terms such as Valí 'Amr'u'lláh the Arabic original term translated in English as "the Guardian of the Cause of God." A few examples are his proper Arabic, transliteration, and translation of the Guardian’s Arabic response to the discourteous Shaykh, providing the source of the authorized translation of Shoghi Effendi’s poem Dar ín layliy-i-laylá (In this darkest night), and the proper title and transliteration as well as translation for the title of the Persian prayer written by Shoghi Effendi, both read at the Guardian’s funeral, as well as an important document, the only reference directly from the Guardian regarding the rank of Ḥájí Amín as Hand of the Cause, including his provisional translation of this message. Adib additionally provided a story to the chronology in Part X, where he shares his favorite Gleaning from Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and analyzes the Guardian’s matchless style.

I can confidentially assert that without the help and assistance of Jonah Winters, the creator of Bahá'í Library Online, this chronology would not exist. Jonah Winters generously opened up his vaults to me and provided me with rare and valuable materials, which constitute a large percentage of the 500+ sources used in this chronology, from published books to pilgrim notes, scholarly essays, sources in Persian, and books out of publication and available nowhere else but on his website.

Earl Redman’s work has been an inspiration from the start.  His biographies and historical work has inspired my 4 chronologies and he has been a source of inspiration and support

Earl is a phenomenal author, animated by a passion for Bahá'í history and among the 9 books he has so far—there are more in the pipeline—published with George Ronald, these are the four books which were instrumental in my writing of this chronology:

'Abdu'l-Bahá In Their Midst – The Master's Travel to the West: This heartwarming book tells the story of ‘Alí Asghar’s journeys of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to Europe and North America over the period 1911 to 1913 and focuses on the people who met 'Abdu'l-Bahá and how He affected and transformed their lives. This book was very important to me when I was trying to bring in as many details as I could to the life of Shoghi Effendi before he became the Guardian, while he was studying in Beirut, and following the travels of his beloved Grandfather with his characteristic eagerness.

Visiting 'Abdu'l-Bahá – Volume I: The West Discovers the Master, 1897-1911: This book covers the time from 1897 until the Master’s departure on His journey to the West, while the second volume begins with His return to Haifa at the end of 1913 and covers the time until His passing in 1921. It was a precious resource for the early years of Shoghi Effendi’s childhood and his encounters with the first western pilgrims who arrived in the winter of 1898, when Shoghi Effendi was one year old.

Shoghi Effendi – Through the Pilgrim's Eye Volume 1: Building the Administrative Order (1922–1952): In this book, Earl Redman tells the story of the first three decades of the Guardian’s ministry, starting when Shoghi Effendi becomes the Guardian at the age of 24, tasked by 'Abdu'l-Bahá of not only protecting the Faith but building its Administrative Order and managing and guiding its affairs. This is not a straight biography of Shoghi Effendi, but rather it relies on diary entries and letters—many of which are published in this book for the first time—of pilgrims and visitors to the Holy Land who encountered Shoghi Effendi and left their impressions of him. This book also covers the Guardian’s efforts to plan and carry out the extension and development of the Shrines of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh, translating the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh as well as The Dawn-Breakers and writing major letters, as well as God Passes By and facing challenges to his authority by Covenant-breakers in the east and in the west, the confiscation of the House of Bahá’u’lláh in Baghdad and the persecution of Bahá’ís in Iran and Egypt.

Shoghi Effendi – Through the Pilgrim's Eye Volume 2: The Ten Year Crusade (1953–1963): This book covers the last four years of the Guardian’s momentous life, with his launch of the Ten Year Crusade, a ten-year worldwide spiritual plan to carry the Faith of Bahá’u’lláh to every place on the planet and begin to accomplish the vision of 'Abdu'l-Bahá as laid out in the Tablets of the Divine Plan. This first truly global teaching plan involved every Bahá'í National Assembly and represented a monumentally incomprehensible leap for the world Bahá’í Community. When Shoghi Effendi announced the Ten Year Crusade, there were only 12 National Spiritual Assemblies in the world, and ten years later there were 56. Every territory mentioned by 'Abdu'l-Bahá in the Tablets of the Divine Plan had been opened by the mid-point in the Crusade.

The Knights of Bahá'u'lláh – The Stories of all the Knights of Baha'u'llah: Earl did such a phenomenal work of research gathering information on all the Knights of Bahá'u'lláh in one place, that I was inspired to create an entire section in Part XVIII of the chronology telling the stories of just 5. His book contains 257 stories. They are 257 amazing stories of Knights of Bahá’u’lláh, whose indomitable spirit, courage and steadfastness brought the Bahá’í message to countries where it was previously unknown. Some of these Knights of Bahá'u'lláh had to cook their eggs on burning hot beach rocks, in an island so isolated they celebrated the arrival of an eggplant. Raḥmatu'lláh Muhájir, a promising young doctor, left a lucrative position with his wife Iran to settle on an island near a stream full of water snakes.

Michael Day was a tremendous help and support in the writing of this chronology, whenever I had any questions about the construction of the superstructure of the Shrine of the Báb. Michael V. Day is the author of an entire trilogy on the Shrine of the Báb, all published by George Ronald, and this is the book that relates to the entire period of the Guardian’s ministry:

Coronation on Carmel: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb Volume II: 1922 – 1963 picks up the story of the Shrine of the Báb during the ministry of the Guardian and tells the story of the erection of the superstructure of the Shrine, a story of collaboration between Shoghi Effendi, William Sutherland Maxwell Ugo Giachery, Leroy Ioas, and all of the architects, gilders, builders, and collaborators in Italy, Israel, and the Netherlands who made it happen, the story told here in greatly summarized form.

Please also visit Michael Day’s personal website, filled with information on past, current, and upcoming projects, as well as blog entries and rare photographs:

https://www.michaelvday.com/

Michael Day’s other books are:

Journey to a Mountain – The Story of the Shrine of the Báb, Volume I: 1850–1921: The dramatic story of the establishment of the Shrine of the Báb, told here in detail for the first time. Never-before-seen photos and maps illustrate the often pulsating narrative. By uncovering materials in English, Persian and Turkish, and by piecing together vital pieces of information, a compelling story has emerged of astounding achievement amidst great peril. From the rescue of the sacred remains of the Báb in Tabríz after His martyrdom in 1850, the next 48 years as the is hidden, the highly secret process of bringing the casket from Persia to the ends of the Ottoman Empire in 'Akká, and the step-by-step detailed account of how 'Abdu'l-Bahá managed to build a Shrine in Haifa while being a prisoner in 'Akká and interring the Holy Remains of the Báb in 1909 in the exact spot designated by Bahá'u'lláh Himself in 1891 on Mount Carmel.

Sacred Stairway – The Story of the Shrine of the Bab Volume III: 1963–2001: This book continues the thrilling story of the Shrine of the Báb and describe sthe successful construction in the 1990s of a stairway with 19 garden terraces stretching one kilometer up the steep northern slopes of Mount Carmel. The story of the project of the Universal House of Justice to build the “Pathway of the Kings and Rulers of the world” is one of devotion, sacrifice and supreme expertise in architecture, engineering and horticulture.

Queen of Carmel: The Shrine of the Báb (1850–2011): A story in photographs: This book is an illustrated guide to events that led to today's spectacular vision of the Shrine of the Báb and its garden terraces on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.

Point of Adoration: The Story of the Shrine of Baha'u'llah, 1873–1892: This book takes the reader through the last years of Bahá'u'lláh’s life in ‘ Akká , Mazra’ih, and Bahjí — highlighting pivotal moments and texts associated with the establishment of His shrine. Drawing upon a wide range of sources, including eyewitness accounts, the author paints vivid pictures of the daily life of the Manifestation and of those in His orbit; of His final days and illness; of His ascension and funeral, and of the period of mourning that followed. While there are many details that remain beyond our reach as we peer through the lens of history at these momentous events, the accounts pieced together here offer us a great deal to ponder and invite deep, meditative reflection.

Dr. Riaz Khadem’s precious work of original research, Prelude to the Guardianship, was a constant companion and a major inspiration to me as I was trying to give shape to the first two decades of Shoghi Effendi’s life, before he ceased to be a regular human being and became the Guardian of the Cause of Bahá'u'lláh.

Dr. Khadem has research more deeply the first 24 years of Shoghi Effendi’s life than anyone else alive today. He is the only reason we know as much as we do about Shoghi Effendi’s childhood with 'Abdu'l-Bahá and the Greatest Holy Leaf in 'Akká and Haifa, his studies in Beirut and Oxford, his journeys to Egypt in 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913, to see 'Abdu'l-Bahá in Alexandria, and his two years as 'Abdu'l-Bahá’s secretary between 1918 and 1920. a young graduate of the Syrian Protestant College—now the American University of Beirut—returned home to Haifa in the Holy Land to do what he had always yearned to do, and had been born to do: to serve 'Abdu'l-Bahá. These years were the happiest years in all of Shoghi Effendi’s life. He was the chief secretary and translator of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s voluminous correspondence with Bahá’ís in Western countries as well as India and Japan, he accompanied ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in his meetings in Haifa and ‘Akká with officials, enquirers and pilgrims. These two years of service at 'Abdu'l-Bahá’s side were preparation for his Guardianship.  

In my opinion, this book is instrumental in understanding the Guardian, and is an absolutely invaluable addition to any Bahá'í library.

Dr. Keith Munro is the author of what is perhaps one of my very favorite corners of the chronology: the pilgrimage of Charles Dunning, Knight of Bahá'u'lláh for the Orkney Islands in January 1957, in Part XX.

The Life & Times of Charles Dunning is a stunning book, about a truly extraordinary and deeply lovable human being. Charles Dunning came from a large working-class family in Morley, Yorkshire and was born in utter poverty near Leeds in West Yorkshire, England in 1885. Charles Dunning was unable to walk till he was nine, and four years later, his father sent him down the local coal mine when he was only 13. He enrolled as a merchant seaman, and after years at sea enrolled and fought as a Private in both World Wars, experiencing unspeakable horrors, then spent years in and out of prison. His life completely changed when he discovered the Bahá'í Faith, and became a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh. His pilgrimage to the Holy Land and meeting Shoghi Effendi were the highlight of his life, and deeply moving. It was truly transformative to spend time with Charles Dunning, and Keith was incredibly generous with his research, and took time to clarify certain events for me.

Many thanks to Dr. Robert Stockman for providing a reference to a 2010 memorandum by the Universal House of Justice stating the number of letters written by the Guardian to be 34,000. Dr. Stockman also provided the historical background for why the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada, although first elected as a National Spiritual Assembly in 1922 was not recognized by the Guardian as a duly-elected National Spiritual Assembly until 1925.

Bahíyyih Nakhjávání confirmed the victories of mass conversions in Teso, Uganda were in large parts due to the efforts of her father, ‘Alí Nakhjávání.

Bahíyyih Nakhjávání's grandfather was Hand of the Cause Músá Banání and her father, ‘Alí Nakhjávání, was elected as one of the first 9 members of the Universal House of Justice in 1963. Hand of the Cause Músá Banání and both of Bahíyyih Nakhjávání's parents, ‘Alí and Violette Nakhjávání, are present throughout the chronology beginning in the 1950s, and they were responsible for bringing immense joy to the Guardian's heart in the last years of his life with their incredible teaching victories in Africa. ‘Alí and Violette Nakhjávání drove five Knights of Bahá'u'lláh to their pioneering posts in the first year the Ten Year Crusade, and there are many stories about them from Parts XIV to XX. 

Dr. Jena Khadem-Khodad’s father was Hand of the Cause Dhikru’lláh Khadem, and the story of his life-changing pilgrimage is told in Part VII. My deepest thanks to Dr. Dr. Jena Khadem-Khodad for responding to my emails and questions regarding details of her beloved father’s life.

Mona Grieser Yazdí was so patient and kind and answered many of my questions regarding her beloved uncle and Shoghi Effendi's childhood friend 'Alí Yazdí, which added so much to the first four parts of the chronology dealing with Shoghi Effendi's childhood, youth, and studies in both Beirut and Oxford.

Fuad Izadinia and his brother Faruq Izadinia were fountains of knowledge and information throughout the writing of this chronology. They assisted with finding the original communication from the Guardian regarding the posthumous appointment of Ḥájí Amín to the rank of Hand of the Cause, the original the Lawḥ-i-Qarn or Qarn-i-Badí’ (The Tablet of the Centennial) written by Shoghi Effendi and addressed to the Bahá'ís of the East on the occasion of the Centenary of the Declaration of the Báb in 1944, helped identify the “cousin of the Báb” as Mírzá ‘Alí Akbar, a cousin once removed of the Báb, a cousin of the Báb’s father as well as precious explanations and cultural context for the Persian wedding tradition performed by Shoghi Effendi’s. mother, Ḍíyá‘íyyih Khánum, the day of the Guardian’s marriage to Rúḥíyyih Khánum.

Email communication with Gamal Hassan dated 1 November 2023 regarding usual journey from Kisangani to Khartoum and several other important details relating to the journey through Africa from Cape Town to Cairo of Shoghi Effendi and Rúḥíyyih Khánum in 1940.

Many thanks to Dr. Adel Shafipour for explanations regarding Shoghi Effendi’s Tablet of the Centennial, and historical details regarding the commemoration of the Centennial in Shíráz, and whose grandfather was in attendance, as well as the information regarding two Iranian scholars— Ostad Saied Nafisi and Badi' Zaman Froozanfar—and their estimation of the Tablet of the Centennial’s peerless style.

I could not have done this without you. You literally (and not at all figuratively) saved this chronology several times. You are my rock and my debt to you is immense. Thank you for saving me from myself with all things technical. I am so lucky to have you. 

Mersede and Ronald Taherzadeh confirmed details of Mr. Jalal Khazeh's pilgrimage, Ronald Taherzadeh having heard the stories directly from Hand of the Cause Jalál Kháḍih at a summer school. My sincerest thanks to Yas Taherzadeh for putting us in touch! 

Alexander Meinhard provided a precious resource for the story of the first European Bahá'í Martyr, Adam George Benke, as well as identifying the modern current name for the city of his birth.

Many thanks to Christian Mayissa who helped with many of the detailed questions I had regarding the Holy Places in Haifa, most particularly the Shrine of the Báb and the Monument Gardens.

Thank you my darling friend. You will never know how much it meant for me to have you on the other end of an email whenever I had a question about Persian culture, Persian expressions or the type of bread which Shoghi Effendi had mailed to him in Beirut from Haifa. It made writing the chronology less lonely, and every email from you was an education and made me fall in love deeper and deeper with Persian culture. I am so lucky to have you as a friend. Thank you so much for your support and encouragement.

Thank you for your constant support and encouragement, your late-night emails filled with wonder, and your abiding eagerness to read this chronology. You kept me going. 

I am very grateful to Rahim Mazlum who helped source important details on plane and ship travel in the mid-20th century. I could never have found this type of information, which included a 1950s printed schedule of flights from Australia to the Cocos Islands for the story on Knight of Bahá'u'lláh Frank Wyss who could not leave the Cocos Islands airport. Rahim is an expert in international travel and owner of a bespoke travel agency called Mazlum Consulting and reachable directly at info [at] mazconsult [dot] ch

‘Abdu’l-Bahá in Britain 1913, compiled by David Merrick, page 90.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá in Their Midst, Earl Redman, George Ronald, 2011.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá. H.M. Balyuzi, George Ronald, Oxford, 1971.
‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Last Tablet to America, Sen McGlinn’s Blog.
‘Adasiyyah: A Study in Agriculture and Rural Development, Iraj Poostchi Baha’i Studies Review, Volume 16, Number 1, 1 April 2010, pp. 61-105(45).
17 July 1932 eulogy to the Greatest Holy Leaf in Shoghi Effendi’s own handwriting.
30 April 1963 message to the First Bahá’í World Congress, the Universal House of Justice.
8 December 1997 Memorandum from the Universal House of Justice’s Research Department regarding Shoghi Effendi’s dictionary.
A Bahá’í Glossary: Ḥaram-i-Aqdas.
A Basic Bahá’í Dictionary, Wendi Momen, George Ronald, Oxford, 1989.
A Crown of Glory, Jináb-i-Azíz’u’lláh Azízí.
A love which does not wait : the stories of Lua Getsinger, May Maxwell, Martha Root, Keith Ransom-Kehler, Hyde Dunn, Susan Moody, Dorothy Baker, Ella Bailey, and Marion Jack, Janet Ruhe-Schoen, Palabra Publications (1998).
A Special Measure of Love: The importance and nature of the teaching work among the masses, Messages from Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, From letter dated July 2, 1956, written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to the National Spiritual Assembly of North West Africa.
A Tribute to Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum, Violette Nakhjávání.
A World Survey of the Bahá’í Faith: 1844 – 1944, Shoghi Effendi.
Abdu’l-Baha’s Tablets of the Divine Plan: Geography Book used for the Tablets of the Divine Plan, Brent Poirier.
Achievements and Victories of the Guardianship: Statistics, chronology, and bibliography, Owen Battrick (1982) (Bahá’í Library Online).
Alí Nakhjavání answering questions at the House of Worship in Wilmette, 2012. Question 3: Was the Guardian left-handed?
Amatu’l-Bahá Visits India. Violette Nakhjavani, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, India, 1984, page 74.
Ambassador at the Court: The Life and Photography of Effie Baker, Graham Hassall.
America and the Most Great Peace, Shoghi Effendi.
Amin, Haji Abu’l-Hasan, Moojan Momen (Bahá’í Library Online).
An Account of the Passing of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and Lady Blomfield, Originally published in 1922 as a separate booklet, then published in The Bahá’í World, 15 (1968-1973), on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the passing of Abdu’l-Bahá.
Arches over the Years. Marzieh Gail, George Ronald, 1991.
Arohanui: Letters from Shoghi Effendi to New Zealand, Number 66: 27 June 1957, Letter on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to the National Spiritual Assembly of New Zealand.
Article printed in the Haifa newspaper Annafir (“The Bugle”).
Bahá’í Administration, Shoghi Effendi.
Bahá’í Chronicles: Dr. John E. Esslemont. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá – The Centre of the Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh, H.M. Balyuzi, George Ronald, Oxford, 1971.
Bahá’í Chronicles: Ella Bailey.
Bahá’í Chronicles: Maria Bertha Reiser Ioas.
Bahá’í chronicles: Richard Edward St. Barbe Baker.
Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project: Hands of the Cause.
Bahá’í Faith, The: 1844-1952: Information Statistical and Comparative, Shoghi Effendi, Wilmette: Bahá’í Publishing Committee, 1953, Principal Bahá’í Historic Sites in Persia Owned by the Bahá’í Community, page 17.
Bahá’í Faith: A Guide for the Perplexed, Robert Stockman, New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic (2013), page 3.
Bahá’í International Community, Letter dated 18 March 1933.
Bahá’í International Community: About Us: Timeline.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: 1932.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Bahjí.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Congo.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Enoch Olinga.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: International Bahá’í Archives.
Bahá’í Library Online Chronology: Mashriqu’l-Adhkár Haifa.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Shoghi Effendi.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Siyáh-Chál (Black Pit).
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Siyah-Chal (The Black Pit).
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Tarbiyat School.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: The House of Bahá’u’lláh.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: The life of Shoghi Effendi.
Bahá’í Library Online chronology: Western Pilgrim House.
Bahá’í Library Online: The Bahá’í Faith: 1844-1950: Information Statistical and Comparative  compiled by Shoghi Effendi Wilmette: Bahá’í Publishing Committee, 1953.
Bahá’í Library Online: The Bahá’í Faith: 1844-1952: Information Statistical and Comparative compiled by Shoghi Effendi Wilmette: Bahá’í Publishing Committee, 1953.
Bahá’í Library Online: The Bahá’í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá’í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963, compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land (1963).
Bahá’í News Letter, Number 9 (December 1925 – January 1926).
Bahá’í News, Issue 149 (December 1941).
Bahá’í News, Issue 161 (March 1943).
Bahá’í News, Issue 162 (April 1943).
Bahá’í News, Issue 163 (June 1943).
Bahá’í News, Issue 164 (July 1943).
Bahá’í News, Issue 166 (November 1943).
Bahá’í News, Issue 167 (January 1944).
Bahá’í News, Issue 168 (March 1944).
Bahá’í News, Issue 169: July 1944.
Bahá’í News, Issue 170: September 1944.
Bahá’í News, Issue 171: November 1944.
Bahá’í News, Issue 172 (December 1944).
Bahá’í News, Issue 173: February 1945.
Bahá’í News, Issue 174 (April-May 1945).
Bahá’í News, Issue 265 (March 1953).
Bahá’í News, Issue 322 (December 1957).
Bahá’í News, Issue 330 (August 1958).
Bahá’í News, Issue 42 (July 1930).
Bahá’í News, Issue 53 (July 1931).
Bahá’í News, Issue 59 (January 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 62 (May 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 63 (June 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 67 (October 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 67 (October 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 67 (October 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 68 (November 1932).
Bahá’í News, Issue 74 (May1933).
Bahá’í News, Issue 76 (August 1933).
Bahá’í News, Issue 83 (May 1934).
Bahá’í Teachings: The Baha’i King – Malietoa Tanumafili II, David Langness, 12 May 2023, Accessed 28 November 2023.
Bahá’í World Centre: Pilgrimage (brochure): A cultural tradition.
Bahá’í World News Service: A momentous endeavor begins: Groundwork being laid for the Shrine of ‘Abdu’l-Baha, 13 January 2020.
Bahá’í World News Service: Cameroon celebrates golden time, 23 August 2003.
Bahá’í World News Service: Light of the spirit shines in the Congo, 29 August 200.
Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era, John E. Esslemont.
Bahá’u’lláh, The King of Glory. H.M. Balyuzi, George Ronald, Oxford, 1980.
Bahá’u’lláh, the Universal House of Justice, (1992).
Bahaipedia : Mountford Mills.
Bahaipedia:  Louis Gregory.
Bahaipedia: ‘Abdu’l-Jalíl Bey Sa‘d.
Bahaipedia: ‘Alí Yazdí.
Bahaipedia: 1953.
Bahaipedia: African Campaign.
Bahaipedia: Auxiliary Board.
Bahaipedia: Bahá’í International Development Organization.
Bahaipedia: Center for the Study of the Texts.
Bahaipedia: Charles Dunning.
Bahaipedia: Clara Dunn.
Bahaipedia: Corinne True.
Bahaipedia: Curtis Kelsey.
Bahaipedia: Disciples of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Bahaipedia: Edward Tabe.
Bahaipedia: Frank Wyss.
Bahaipedia: Gayle Woolson.
Bahaipedia: George Townshend.
Bahaipedia: Ḥájí Amín.
Bahaipedia: Ḥájí Muḥammad Yazdí.
Bahaipedia: Hyde Dunn.
Bahaipedia: International Teaching Centre.
Bahaipedia: Isobel Sabri.
Bahaipedia: Jalál Kháḍih.
Bahaipedia: John Esslemont.
Bahaipedia: Knights of Bahá’u’lláh.
Bahaipedia: Lawrence Hutz.
Bahaipedia: Leroy Ioas.
Bahaipedia: Map of the Progress of the Ten Year Crusade from 1953 to 1958.
Bahaipedia: Mírzá Aḥmad Sohráb.
Bahaipedia: Mountfort Mills.
Bahaipedia: Muḥammad Taqiy-i-Isfáhaní.
Bahaipedia: Munírih Khánum.
Bahaipedia: Músá Banání.
Bahaipedia: Nellie French.
Bahaipedia: NSA Iran.
Bahaipedia: Office of Social and Economic Development.
Bahaipedia: Philip Sprague.
Bahaipedia: Prescription for Living.
Bahaipedia: Roy C. Wilhelm.
Bahaipedia: Saichiro Fujita.
Bahaipedia: Shoghi Effendi.
Bahaipedia: Siegfried Schopflocher.
Bahaipedia: Siyyid Muṣṭafá Rúmí.
Bahaipedia: Statistics on National Spiritual Assemblies.
Bahaipedia: Ten Year Crusade.
Bahaipedia: The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice.
Bahaipedia: The Ministry of the Custodians.
Bahaipedia: The Research Department of the Universal House of Justice.
Bahaipedia: The Universal House of Justice.
Bahaipedia: Translations of the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh.
Bahaipedia: Ugo Giachery.
Bahaipedia: Valíyu’lláh Varqá.
Bahaipedia: World Centre buildings.
Bahaipedia: World Congress.
Bahaipedia: Zikrullah Khadem.
Bahíyyih Khánum and the Covenant: Google Sheets calculations by Violetta Zein’ based on ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi’s dated absences from the World Center.
Bahíyyih Khánum: The Greatest Holy Leaf by Bahá’u’lláh, Abdu’l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi, and Bahíyyih Khánum, compiled by Research Department of the Universal House of Justice Haifa: Bahá’í World Centre Publications (1982).
Balliol College, University of Oxford: About Balliol.
Blessings Beyond Measure: Recollections of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi. Ali M Yazdi. Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1988.
Child of the Covenant: A Study Guide to the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald, 2000.
Citadel of Faith, Shoghi Effendi.
Cœnobium: Libraria Antiqua (Website in Italian): INDUSTRIA DEI MARMI VICENTINI. CHIAMPO, VICENZA (CATALOGO ANNI CINQUANTA).
Compilation (توقیعات مبارکه، ج2، 1927-1939، ص93) (Letters from the Guardian, Volume 2, 1927-1939, page 93).
Compilation of Compilations, Volume 1, pages 187-234: The Importance of Deepening Our Knowledge and Understanding of the Faith, by Bahá’u’lláh, Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi, (1991).
Compilation: Teaching Aboriginal and Indigenous People.
Constitution of the NSA of the Bahá’ís of the United States and By-Laws of Local Spiritual Assemblies, The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States, 4 April 1927.
Constitution of the Universal House of Justice
Conversations with Bahia Zein-Garden, Violetta Zein, 15 September 2001.
Conversations with Shoghi Effendi, (1924), May Maxwell.
Corinne True: Faithful Handmaid of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Nathan Rutstein with the assistance of Edna True, George Ronald, Oxford (1987).
Coronation on Carmel: The Story of the Shrine of the Báb Volume II: 1922-1963, Michael V. Day, George Ronald, 2018.
Dawn Over Mount Hira. Marzieh Gail, George Ronald, 1976.
Days of Remembrance, Bahá’u’lláh.
Description of Gems of Divine Mysteries.
Dictionary Used by the Guardian, a Memorandum by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice dated 8 December 1997 (Bahá’í Library Online).
Dissent and Heterodoxy in the Late Ottoman Empire: Reformers, Babis and Baha’is, Dr. Necati Alkan, Ph.D. Thesis, Isis Press, Istanbul (2008).
Documents on the Shaykhi, Babi and Baha’i Movements, Vol. 8, No. 1 (May 2004, updated 2013), Compilation on the House of Bahá’u’lláh, Baghdád ‘Iráq.
Door of Hope. David S. Ruhe, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
Dr. ‘Alí Muḥammad Varqá’s Introduction to the Tablet of the Centennial found in Dr. Khazeh Fananapazir’s translation.
Dr. John Ebenezer Esslemont, M.B., Ch.B., SBEA: Hand of the Cause of God, Moojan Momen, M.A.M.B.
Earl Redman, Visiting ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Volume 2: The Final Years, 1913-1921, Kindle Edition.
Eight Years Near ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: The Diary of Dr. Habíb Mú’ayyad, translated and annotated by Ahang Rabbani, Volume 3: Witnesses to Bábí and Bahá’í History, An eBook publication (March 2007 Edition).
Email communication from Adib Masumian dated 2 December 2023 regarding the proper Arabic, transliteration, and translation of the Guardian’s Arabic response to the discourteous Shaykh.
Email communication from Adib Masumian dated 21 December 2023 containing the source of the authorized translation for Dar ín layliy-i-laylá (In this darkest night), and the proper title and transliteration as well as translation for the title of the Persian prayer written by Shoghi Effendi.
Email communication from the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United Kingdom dated 17 January 2024, reference number OS-37897 regarding the date on the inscription of the monument for the resting place of Shoghi Effendi.
Email communication with Adel Shafipour, 10 November 2023 confirming Jinab Foroutan was ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan and providing two non-Bahá’í Persian academic sources who expressed their admiration for the Tablet of the Centennial: Ostad Saied Nafisi and Badi’ Zaman Froozanfar.Email communication with Gamal Hassan regarding the usual sailing journey from Kisangani to Khartoum in 1940. Adib Taherzadeh, The Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh.
Email communication with Adib Masumian dated 30 November 2023 containing the provisional translation into English of the letter from the Guardian in Persian elevating Ḥájí Amín to the rank of Hand of the Cause.
Email communication with Adib Masumian, 10 November 2023 confirming that Valí ‘Amr’u’lláh is the Artabic original for “the Guardian of the Cause of God.”
Email communication with Aïcha Benmamar dated 18 December 2023, providing the 21 June 1956 excerpt from the later by Shoghi Effendi elevating George Adam Benke to the station of first European Martyr.
Email communication with Bahíyyih Nakhjávání dated 3 December 2023 sharing the transcript of Dorothy Baker speaking about the ‘Alí Nakhjávánís of America.
Email communication with Bill Burns dated 5 November 2023 regarding the History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications: From the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fiber optic network.
Email communication with Dr. Azar Majidi dated 12 January 2024 regarding the finer subtelties of nísh mízanand.
Email communication with Earl Redman, 22 September 2021 regarding the locations of the site Shoghi Effendi visited and the current site. Email communication with Fuad and Faruq Izadinia dated 30 November 2023 containing the original letter from the Guardian in Persian elevating Ḥájí Amín to the rank of Hand of the Cause.
Email communication with Earl Redman, 4 August 2021 regarding the origin of the term “Knights of Bahá’u’lláh.”
Email communication with Fuad and Faruq Izadinia, 8 November 2023 containing conformation by “Persian version of God Passes By” is meant the Lawḥ-i-Qarn or Qarn-i-Badí’ (The Tablet of the Centennial).
Email communication with Fuad and Faruq Izadinia, regarding “a cousin of the Báb”: this refers to Mírzá ‘Alí Akbar, a cousin once removed of the Báb, a cousin of the Báb’s father.
Email communication with Fuad Izadinia dated 8 December 2023 regarding the meaning of “dast be dast” and its significance in Persian culture.
Email communication with Gamal Hassan dated 1 November 2023 regarding usual journey from Kisangani to Khartoum.
Email communication with Mona Grieser Yazdí on 11 December 2023 regarding the birthplace of ‘Alí Yazdí being in Alexandria and not in Yazd as is indicated on his Bahaipedia page.
Email communication with Yas Taherzadeh dated 14 December 2023 confirming details of Mr. Jalal Khazeh’s pilgrimage as confirmed by her parents Mersede Taherzadeh and Ronald Taherzadeh. Ronald Taherzadeh having heard this story directly from Jalál Kháḍih at a summer school.
Email communications with Bahíyyih Nakhjávání dated 3 December 2023 confirming the efforts of ‘Alí Nakhjávání in the mass conversions in Teso, Uganda.
Encyclopaedia Iranica: Āyatī, ʿabd-Al-Ḥosayn.
Encyclopedia Britannica: Attar of roses.
Encyclopedia Britannica: Chaim Weitzmann.
Encyclopedia Britannica: Great Depression: Political movements and social change.
Encyclopedia Britannica: Inuit. Note: The original reference in this story to Inuit was Eskimo, but this term is now pejorative and culturally inappropriate.
Encyclopedia Britannica: Itay’s entry. Into the war and the French Armistice.
Encyclopedia Britannica: The blast of World War II.
Encyclopedia Britannica: The Blitz.
Encyclopedia Britannica: World War II (1939 – 1945).
Encyclopedia.com: Weitzmann, Chaim.
Enoch Olinga: Hand of the Cause Of God: The memorial article by Rúḥíyyih Rabbání with the reminiscences of Rowshan Mustapha, Bahá’í Publishing Agency, Kenya, Nairobi, 2001.
Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, Bahá’u’lláh.
From the Wilderness to the Beloved City: Elizabeth Gibson Cheyne, Judy Greenway.
Gems of Divine Mysteries, Bahá’u’lláh.
George Townshend. David Hofman, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
George Townshend’s original introduction to God Passes By by Shoghi Effendi.
Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, Bahá’u’lláh.
GM Fabbricotti: About.
God Passes By, Shoghi Effendi.
Grassi Pietre: Italian stone and marble quarries.
Great African Safari, The: The Travels of Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum in Africa 1969-73. Violette Nakhjavani, George Ronald, 2002, page 307.
Haifa Notes, Gayle Woolson (16 February 1956), (Bahá’í Library Online).
Hartz, Paula (2009). World Religions: Baha’i Faith (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers.
He Loved and Served: The Story of Curtis Kelsey. Nathan Rutstein, George Ronald, Oxford, 1982.
Hermann Grossmann: Hand of the Cause of God: A Life for the Faith, Susanne Pfaff-Grossmann, GR, Oxford, 2009.
Highlights of the First 40 Years of the Bahá’í Faith in New York, City of the Covenant, 1892-1932, Hussein Ahdieh.
Hippolyte Dreyfus: Premier Bahá’í Français, Yann Ballanger et Parivash Ardeï, Librairie Bahá’íe de France (2021).
History Channel: Iraq wins independence.
In the Days of the Guardian: Transcript of a talk by Hand of the Cause of God Leroy Ioas, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1958.
International Encyclopedia of the First World War: Bliss, Howard S.
International Encyclopedia of the First World War: British Mandate for Palestine.
Internet Archive, Prescription for Living, Rúḥíyyih Rabbání, Fletcher & Son Ltd., Norwich (February 1950).
Interview of Sachiro Fujita, Sylvia Ioas (1975), (Bahá’í Library Online).
Khan Academy: Greek Architectural Orders.
La communauté bahá’íe de la RDC (Website in French): Le passage de Shoghi Effendi.
Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees. Baharieh Rouhani Ma’ani, George Ronald, Oxford, 2013, Kindle Edition.
Leroy Ioas: Hand of the Cause of God,  Anita Ioas Chapman, George Ronald, 1998.
Letter from the Universal House of Justice dated 25 July 1974, addressed to an individual, (Bahá’í Library Online).
Letter to Nelly French dated 2 January 1922, Emogene Hoagg, published in World Order Volume 6 Issue 2.
Letter to the World’s Religious Leaders, the Universal House of Justice. (Riḍván 2001).
Letters and Extracts of Writings from the Guardian Published in the US Bahá’í News 1924 – 1934, Shoghi Effendi.
Letters from Jessie Revell (1952), Letter dated 9 July 1952, sent to the Friends in America, (Bahá’í Library Online).
Letters to Australia and New Zealand, by Shoghi Effendi, Australia: Australian Bahá’í Publishing (1971). Letter on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, 13 May 1945.
Lights of Fortitude: Glimpses into the Lives of the Hands of the Cause of God. Barron Deems Harper, George Ronald, 1997.
Lights of Guidance. Helen Hornby, (comp), Bahá’í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, 1983.
Liner notes to photograph on Gary Stockbridge.
Lua Getsinger: Herald of the Covenant, Velda Metelmann, George Ronald, 1977.
Mahmúd-i-Zarqání, Mírzá. Mahmúd’s Diary Chronicling ʻAbdu’l-Bahá’s Journey to America.
Martha Root, Herald of the Kingdom. Kay Zinky, (comp.) Bahá’í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, 1983.
Mayo Clinic: Trachoma Symptoms and Causes.
Memorandum from the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, 11 December 1994, (Bahá’í Library Online).
Memories of Nine Years in ‘Akká, Youness Afroukhteh, Dr Riaz Masrour (trans), George Ronald, Oxford, 1952/2003.
Memories of Nine Years in ‘Akká, Youness Afroukhteh, Dr Riaz Masrour (trans), George Ronald, Oxford, 1952/2003, pages 59-60.
Memories of talks with the Guardian, Hiroyasu Takano (1980), (Bahá’í Library Online).
Message of Riḍván 2012, the Universal House of Justice.
Messages of Shoghi Effendi to the Indian subcontinent, Shoghi Effendi.
Messages to America, Shoghi Effendi.
Messages to the Antipodes (Australasia), Shoghi Effendi, Mona Vale: Bahá’í­ Publications Australia, 1997.
Messages to the Bahá’í World: 1950–1957, Shoghi Effendi, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1971.
Michael V. Day personal website: Read me.
Milly: A Tribute to Amelia E. Collins. A. Q. Faizí, George Ronald, Oxford, 1977.
Ministry of the Custodians, The, 1957–1963: An Account of the Stewardship of the Hands of the Cause. The Universal House of Justice, Bahá’í World Centre, Haifa, 1992.
Munírih Khánum: Memoirs and Letters, Munírih Khánum, translated by Sammireh Anwar Smith, Los Angeles: Kalimat Press (1986).
My life my trees, Richard St. Barbe Baker, Forres: Findhorn (1979).
Names and Numbers: A Bahá’í History Reference Guide, Elias Zohoori.
National WWII Museum New Orleans: Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II.
National WWII Museum New Orleans: The Holocaust.
Native Voices: 1912: Trachoma poses blindness risk in the West.
Natural Perfumery Blog: Rose attar.
Nature Journal Issue number 3390, supplement: .20 October 1934 review of the dictionary.
Naw-Rúz 1944 Persian message to the Bahá’ís in Iran, Shoghi Effendi.
New York Times dated Thursday, 14 July 1927.
Notes on Pilgrimage to Haifa, 15 – 23 April 1957, Alice Dudley, (Bahá’í Library Online).
Ouest-France (French-language newspaper): Entre 1940 et 1944, les vacances d’été sur la plage sont bien loin dans le Saint-Malo occupé.
Our beloved Guardian:  An Introduction to the Life and Work of Shoghi Effendi, Lowell Johnson, Johannesburg: National Spiritual Assembly of South Africa, 1993.
Oxford university: What is an Oxford college?
Oxford visit.
Paris Talks, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Passing of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, David Merrick.
Pilgrim notes recorded after the nightly dinner-table talks of the beloved Guardian, Shoghi Effendi 19–28 April 1957, Isobel Sabri.
Pilgrim’s notes about Shoghi Effendi, Ramona Brown, published in Memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: Recollections of the Early Days of the Bahá’ís of California, Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, (1980), (Bahá’í Library Online).
Pilgrim’s notes about Shoghi Effendi, Ramona Brown, published in Memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: Recollections of the Early Days of the Bahá’ís of California, pages 111-118  Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1980.
Pilgrimage to Haifa and ‘Akká: Parts 2 and 3, (Part 1 missing), Bill Sears, pages, (Bahá’í Library Online).
Poems of the Passing, Rúḥíyyih Rabbání.
Portraits of Some Bahá’í Women. O.Z. Whitehead, George Ronald, Oxford, 1996.
Prayers and Meditations by Bahá’u’lláh.
Prelude to the Guardianship, Riaz Khadem, George Ronald, Oxford, 2014, Kindle Edition.
Prescription for Living, Rúḥíyyih Rabbání, Fletcher & Son Ltd., Norwich (February 1950) (Bahá’í Library Online).
Principles of Bahá’í Administration by Bahá’u’lláh, Abdu’l-Bahá, and Shoghi Effendi, compiled by National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United Kingdom, London: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1950/1973, pages 90-91. (Bahá’í Library Online).
Principles of Bahá’í Administration, A Compilation. (3rd edition) Bahá’í Publishing Trust, London, 1973.
Prophet’s Daughter: The Life and Legacy of Bahíyyih Khánum, Outstanding Heroine of the Bahá’í Faith. Janet A. Khan, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, 2005.
Queen Marie and the Baha’i Faith, Robert Postlethwaite.
Recollections of Pilgrimage: Nine Days with the Guardian in 1957, Bill Washington.
Redman, Earl. Shoghi Effendi through the Pilgrim’s Eye: Volume 1 Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952 (p. 217). George Ronald Publisher Ltd. Kindle Edition.
Reflections on the Bahá’í Faith, Brent Poirier: an encouraging letter from Shoghi Effendi to the Bahá’ís of California (4 September 2010).
Reflections on the Bahá’í Writings: The Guardian’s Workroom.
Reflections on the Bahai Writings: The Master’s Car (The Cunningham).
Remembering Shoghi Effendi as Interpreter, transcript of a talk given by Glenford Mitchell, member of the Universal House of Justice on 27 July 1997, and distributed on a series of two cassette tapes.
Roll of Honor Bahá’í World Crusade 1953-1963, designed by Shoghi Effendi, published in Bahá’í World, Vol. 20 (1986-1992), Haifa: Bahá’í World Centre, (1998) (Bahá’í Library Online).
Royal Air Force Commands: Flying Officer John Lewis WARD (84018) of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.
Royal Air Force Commands: Second Lieutenant Charles Henry GIELINK (102104) of the South African Air Force.
Sapienza Università di Roma: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra.
Science Direct: The Trachoma “Menace” in the United States, 1897-1960.
Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Selections from the Writings of the Báb.
Sen McGlinn’s Blog: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s British Knighthood.
Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim’s Eye Volume 1 Building the Administrative Order, 1922-1952. Earl Redman, George Ronald, Oxford, 2015, Kindle Edition.
Shoghi Effendi Through the Pilgrim’s Eye, Volume 2 The Ten Year Crusade, 1953-1963. Earl Redman, George Ronald, Oxford, 2016, Kindle Edition.
Shoghi Effendi, Hotheim-Langenhaim Bahá’í-Verlag, 1982, Number 206, Letter dated 14 August 1957.
Shoghi Effendi: Recollections, Ugo Giachery, George Ronald, 1973.
Shoghi Effendi: The Range and Power of His Pen, ‘Alí Nakhjávání, Acuto 2006, Casa Editrice Bahá’í.
Some Bahá’ís to Remember. O. Z. Whitehead, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
St. Catherine’s College Oxford: College History.
Star of the West, Volume 10, Issue 11, (27 September 1919).
Star of the West, Volume 10, Issue 6, (24 June 1919).      
Star of the West, Volume 10, Issue 7, (13 July 1919).
Star of the West, Volume 10, Issue 8, (1 August 1919).
Star of the West, Volume 13, Issue 12 (March 1923).
Star of the West, Volume 13, Issue 4 (17 May 1922).
Star of the West, Volume 14, Issue 1 (April 1923).
Star of the West, Volume 2, Issue 10 (8 September 1911).
Star of the West, Volume 21, Issue 9 (December 1930).
Summon Up Remembrance. Marzieh Gail, George Ronald, Oxford, 1987.
Sweet and Enchanting Stories. Aziz Rohani (comp.) & (ed.), Juxta Publishing Ltd, (2005).
Swiss Health Web – The Swiss Medical Newspaper: Once Across the Ottoman Empire.
Tabernacle of Unity, Bahá’u’lláh.
Tablet of the Centennial, Shoghi Effendi, provisional translation by Dr. Khazeh Fananapazir (1998) (Bahá’í Library Online).
Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Bahá’u’lláh.
Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas.
Tablets of the Divine Plan, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Techopedia: Linotype.
The 22nd Ḥasan M. Balyúzí Memorial Lecture : The Ten Year Crusade, ‘Alí Nakhjávání (January 2004).
The Advent of Divine Justice, Shoghi Effendi.
The American Bahá’í, Issue 122 (September 1986): Bahá’í Burial Laws,  pages 27-29.
The Bábí and the Bahá’í Religions, 1844–1944, Some Contemporary western Accounts. Moojan Momen, George Ronald, Oxford, 1981.
The Baha’i Communities of Iran, 1851-1921: Volume 1: The North of Iran, Momen, Moojan, George Ronald. Kindle Edition.
The Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project: Hands of the Cause: SIX-YEAR INTERREGNUM OF THE CHIEF STEWARDS, 1957–63.|
The Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project: Hands of the Cause.
The Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project: Schopflocher, Siegfried (1877–1953).
The Bahá’í Encylopedia Project: Keith Ransom-Kehler.
The Bahá’í Faith: The official website of the worldwide Bahá’í community: Memories of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, ‘Alí Yazdí.
The Bahá’í Faith: The Official Website of the Worldwide Bahá’í community: The Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh.
The Bahá’í Faith: The Official Website of the Worldwide Bahá’í Community: The Institution of the Counsellors.
The Bahá’í Faith: The official website of the worldwide Bahá’í community: The Promise of World Peace.
The Bahá’í Faith: The official website of the worldwide Bahá’í community: The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice.
The Bahá’í Faith: The official website of the worldwide Bahá’í community: Letter to the World’s Religious Leaders.
The Bahá’í International Community: Who we are.
The Bahá’í International Community.
The Bahá’í Religion: Papers read at the Conference on Some Living Religions Within the British Empire (1924).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 1 (1925-1926).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 10 (1944-1946).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 11 (1946-1950).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 12 (1950-1954).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 13 (1954-1963).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 14 (1963-1968).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 15 (1968-1973).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 16 (1973-1976)
The Bahá’í World, Volume 17 (1976-1979).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 18 (1979-1983).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 19 (1983-1986).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 2 (1926-1928).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 20 (1986-1992).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 21 (1992-1993).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 3 (1928-1930).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 4 (1930-1932).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 5 (1932-1934).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 6 (1934-1936).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 7 (1936-1938).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 8 (1938-1940).
The Bahá’í World, Volume 9 (1940-1944).
The Call of the Divine Beloved, Bahá’u’lláh.
The Case of Bahá’u’lláh’s House in Bagdád Before the League of Nations, Petition to the Permanent Madates Commission of the League of Nations, The Bahá’í’s of Iráq.
The Chosen Highway, Lady Blomfield.
The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice.
The Covenant and Covenant-breaker, Moojan Momen, published in The Bahá’í Encyclopedia (1995).
The Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh, Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald, Oxford, 1992.
The Dawn-Breakers, Nabíl-i-A‘zam, Shoghi Effendi (trans.) Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1970.
The Dawning Place: The building of a temple, the forging of the North American Bahá’í community, Bruce, W. Whitmore, (1984), pages 268-296.
The Diary of Ahmad Sohrab, Ahmad Sohrab.
The Dispensation of Bahá’u’lláh, Shoghi Effendi.
The Eagle and Pillar over Shoghi Effendi’s resting place, and his visits to Scotland, Transcribed from Tape of Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum,  speaking in Edinburgh Bahá’í Centre in 1981.
The Epistolary Style of Shoghi Effendi, Ann Boyles, published in Journal of Bahá’í Studies, 31:4, pages 9-19, Ottawa: Association for Bahá’í Studies North America, 2022-09.
The Faith of Bahá’u’lláh: A World Religion, Shoghi Effendi, July 1947.
The function of sports in life, Shoghi Effendi.
The Goal of a New World Order, Shoghi Effendi.
The Golden Age of the Cause of Bahá’u’lláh, Shoghi Effendi.
The Government of Israel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.
The Great African Safari: The Travels of Amatu’l-Bahá Rúhíyyih Khánum in Africa 1969-73. Violette Nakhjavani, George Ronald, 2002.
The Great Britain Philatelic Society: Letter Rates 1840-1968.
The Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, Rúhíyyih Rabbání, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, London, 1988.
The Hidden Words, Bahá’u’lláh.
The Institution of the Counsellors
The Internet Archive: Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, Second Edition.
The King James Bible.
The Kitáb-i-Aqdas (The Most Holy Book) , Bahá’u’lláh.
The Kitáb-i-Íqán, Bahá’u’lláh.
The Knights of Bahá’u’lláh, Earl Redman, George Ronald, 2017, Kindle Edition.
The Lawḥ-i-Aqdas, Bahá’u’lláh.
The Life and Times of Charles Dunning Knight of Bahá’u’lláh to the Orkney Islands, Dr. Keith Munro, Learmont Publishing.
The Life of Shoghi Effendi, Helen Danesh, John Danesh, and Amelia Danesh, published in Studying the Writings of Shoghi Effendi, ed. M. Bergsmo, Oxford: George Ronald.
The Light of Divine Guidance: The Messages from the Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith to the Baha’i’s of Germany and Austria.
The Maxwells of Montreal: Early Years 1870-1922. Violette Nakhjavani, George Ronald, Oxford, 2011, Kindle Edition.
The Maxwells of Montreal: Middle Years 1923-1937 Late Years 1937-1952. Violette Nakhjavani, George Ronald, Oxford (2011), Kindle Edition.
The National Archives: AIR 81/12823 (20 March 1942 Haifa plane crash).
The National World War II Museum New Orleans: Explore WWII History.
The Passing of Shoghi Effendi: 1896-1957, Hand of the Cause Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum in collaboration with John Ferraby, London: Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1958.
The Priceless Pearl, Rúhíyyih Rabbání, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, London, 1969.
The Promise of World Peace, the Universal House of Justice (1985).
The Promised Day is Come, Shoghi Effendi.
The Promising Continent: Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, the Writings and Letters of Shoghi Effendi, and the Letters Written on His Behalf to Africa. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1998, (Bahá’í Library Online).
The Re-florescence of Historical Romance in Nabíl, Mary Maxwell, on ‘Bahá’í Library Online.
The Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh Volume 1: Baghdád 1853 – 1863, Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald Oxford, 1974.
The Revelation of Baha’u’llah, Volume 3, Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
The Revelation of Baha’u’llah, Volume 4, Adib Taherzadeh, George Ronald, Oxford, 1983.
The Seven Martyrs of Hurmuzak, Muhammad Labíb, Moojan Momen, George Ronald, Oxford, 1981.
The Sherman Grinberg Film Library: Israel & Palestine Footage: Pathe Newsreel, 10 November, 1952: The Funeral of Israeli President Chaim Weizmann.
The Story of My Heart:  Memoirs of ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan (Ḥikáyat-i-Dil), ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan, translated by Mahnaz Aflatooni Javid, George Ronald, Oxford (1984), pages 57-59.
The Summons of the Lord of Hosts, Bahá’u’lláh.
The Unfoldment of World Civilization, Shoghi Effendi.
The Universal House of Justice: A Compilation Prepared by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (February 2021): 25 March 1930 letter written by Shoghi Effendi to an individual.
The vision of Shoghi Effendi : Proceedings of the Association for Bahá’í Studies, Ninth Annual Conference, November 2-4, 1984, Ottawa, Canada.
The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, an article by Ḥasan Balyúzí.
The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh, Shoghi Effendi.
The World Order of Bahá’u’lláh: Further Considerations, Shoghi Effendi.
The World Religion: A summary of Its Aims, Teachings and History, Shoghi Effendi, (From a letter written by Shoghi Effendi to the High Commissioner for Palestine, June 1933)
This Decisive Hour, Shoghi Effendi.
This is Faith, poem by Rúḥíyyih Rabbání.
Touch-type Read and Spell: The touch typing method vs. two-finger typing.
Transcrip oft: The Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, 21 June 1970, Amatul’Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum, transcript from a cassette tape published by the Bahá’í Publishing Trust.
Transcript of Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum’s talk in Edinburgh, (1981).
Transcript of Dorothy Baker Speaking at the 1953 Intercontinental Conference.
Transcript of: Amatul’Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum’s Address to the Sixth Annual Association for Bahá’í Studies Conference, Canada, 1981.
Transcript of: Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum’s concluding address at the First Bahá’í World Congress in London, 1963.
Transcript of: Amatul’Bahá Ruḥíyyíh Khánum’s talk with pioneers in Petionville, Haiti, 3 November 1981.
Transcript of: On Shoghi Effendi: Guardian of the Bahá’í Faith, 21 June 1970, Rúhíyyih Khánum, Speaking at the National Bahá’í Youth Conference in Evanston, Illinois (from a cassette tape published by the Bahá’í Publishing Trust).
Twenty-Five Years of the Guardianship, Amatul’Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum, Wilmette: Bahá’í Publishing Committee, (1948).
UNESCO: World Heritage Site.
Unfolding Destiny: Letters and telegrams by or on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to British Bahá’ís from 1922 to 1957, Shoghi Effendi.
United States Bahá’í Bookstore: The Institution of the Counsellors.
University of Oxford.
Violetta Zein, The Blessed Beauty: The illustrated chronology of the life and Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh.
Violetta Zein, The Extraordinary Life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: The illustrated chronology of the life of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Violetta Zein, The Primal Point: The illustrated chronology of the life and Revelation of the Báb.
Visiting ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: Volume 1: The West Discovers the Master, 1897-1911. Earl Redman, George Ronald Publishers, Oxford, 2019, Kindle Edition location 1029-1049.
We Are Bahá’ís: Nabil-i-A’zam: An Apostle of Baha’u’llah and the author of Dawn-Breakers.
WhatsApp conversation with Rahim Mazlum dated 7 December 2023 for location of the Cocos Islands airport.
Wikipedia (French-language article): Bataille de France.
Wikipedia: 1938.
Wikipedia: 1948: Palestinian expulsion and flight.
Wikipedia: 1957 – 1958 Influenza epidemic.
Wikipedia: A.L.M. Nicolas.
Wikipedia: Abd al-Hosayn Ayati.
Wikipedia: Ahmad Sohrab.
Wikipedia: Apostles of Bahá’u’lláh.
Wikipedia: Attack on Pearl Harbor.
Wikipedia: Badiozzaman Forouzanfar.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í Faith in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í House of Worship.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í literature.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í World Centre buildings.
Wikipedia: Bahá’í World Congress.
Wikipedia: Bahá’u’lláh’s family.
Wikipedia: Balfour Declaration.
Wikipedia: Balliol College, Oxford.
Wikipedia: Blackout (Wartime): World War II.
Wikipedia: Book of Daniel.
Wikipedia: Bournemouth.
Wikipedia: Bronchitis.
Wikipedia: Carrara marble.
Wikipedia: Central Congolian lowland forests. NOTE: The correct adjective is not Congolian but Congolese.
Wikipedia: Chaim Weizmann.
Wikipedia: Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington.
Wikipedia: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Airport.
Wikipedia: Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
Wikipedia: David Ben-Gurion.
Wikipedia: Edward Denison Ross.
Wikipedia: Emil Sandström.
Wikipedia: Enoch Olinga.
Wikipedia: Eric John Holmyard.
Wikipedia: Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II.
Wikipedia: George Townshend (Bahá’í).
Wikipedia: Golda Meir.
Wikipedia: Gordon Bottomley.
Wikipedia: Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia.
Wikipedia: Hands of the Cause.
Wikipedia: Hawker Hurricane.
Wikipedia: Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener.
Wikipedia: Hilary Term.
Wikipedia: History of Israel.
Wikipedia: ʻAlí-Akbar Furútan.
Wikipedia: International Bahá’í Council.
Wikipedia: James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce.
Wikipedia: Jewish National Council.
Wikipedia: Josephina Theresia Zürcher.
Wikipedia: King Faisal I of Iraq.
Wikipedia: La Madeleine (Paris).
Wikipedia: Lady Dorothy Mills.
Wikipedia: Liao Chongzen.
Wikipedia: Linotype machine.
Wikipedia: List of Presidents of Israel.
Wikipedia: List of Prime Ministers of Iraq.
Wikipedia: Louis George Gregory.
Wikipedia: Lydia Zamenhof.
Wikipedia: Marie of Romania.
Wikipedia: Marion Carpenter Yazdi.
Wikipedia: Martha Root.
Wikipedia: Martha Root.
Wikipedia: May Maxwell.
Wikipedia: Michaelmas Term.
Wikipedia: Ministry of Religious Services
Wikipedia: Moshe Sharett.
Wikipedia: Munírih.
Wikipedia: Neuilly-sur-Seine.
Wikipedia: New Southgate Cemetery.
Wikipedia: Norman Bentwich.
Wikipedia: Rashid Ali al-Gaylani.
Wikipedia: Reshumot.
Wikipedia: Richard St. Barbe Baker.
Wikipedia: Robert Whitney Imbrie.
Wikipedia: Rom Landau.
Wikipedia: Ronald Storrs.
Wikipedia: Rúḥíyyih Khánum.
Wikipedia: Ruth Berkeley White.
Wikipedia: Saeed Nafisi.
Wikipedia: Saichiro Fujita.
Wikipedia: Sanatorium.
Wikipedia: Second Battle of El-Alamein.
Wikipedia: Selections from the Writings of the Báb.
Wikipedia: Shoghi Effendi.
Wikipedia: Shrine of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Wikipedia: Snow in Israel: 1950 snowfall.
Wikipedia: Sydney Bahá’í Temple.
Wikipedia: Syria-Lebanon Campaign.
Wikipedia: Syria-Lebanon Campaign.
Wikipedia: The Battle of Crete.
Wikipedia: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Wikipedia: Thomas Kelly Cheyne.
Wikipedia: Timeline of Mount Everest Expeditions.
Wikipedia: Trinity Term.
Wikipedia: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine.
Wikipedia: United Nations.
Wikipedia: Universal House of Justice.
Wikipedia: Varqá.
Wikipedia: Vichy France.
Wikipedia: Victory in Europe Day.
Wikipedia: Webster’s Dictionary.
Wikipedia: Western Alps.
Wikipedia: William Sutherland Maxwell.
Wives of Baha’u’llah, Letter dated 23 October 1995 on behalf of the Universal House of Justice.
X.L.T. Rates from Great Britain, 14 December 1935 – 6 January 1936 (provided by Bill Burns in email communication of 5 November 2023).
Your True Brother: Messages to Junior Youth Written by or on Behalf of Shoghi Effendi, compiled by Robert Weinberg, Oxford: George Ronald, 1991.
YouTube Talk: Talk About the Life of the Hand of The Cause of God George Townshend, Timestamp: 33:49, Adib Taherzadeh.
YouTube video: Susan Sheper: A Remarkable Response – The dawn of the Bahá’í Faith in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Timestamp: 25:11 NOTE: The video says that Shoghi Effendi arrived in Lubumbashi in 1941, but this is incorrect, as he was back in Haifa on 27 December 1940.
YouTube: Stories about the Guardian by ‘Alí Nakhjávání.
Zikrullah Khadem, The Itinerant Hand of the Cause of God. Javidukht Khadem, Bahá’í Publishing Trust, Wilmette, Ill. 1990, pages 293-296.
Zoom video conversation with Dr. Keith Munro dated 4 December 2023.

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